Cotton Gin Tour

Folks, if you missed T.S. Designs' tour of the Rolling Hills Cotton Gin yesterday, you really blew it! I can't imagine a more informative and productive way to spend a Saturday! Fortunately, T.S. Designs is likely to schedule another one, so if you have an interest, let Eric or Tom know, so that they are made aware. Contact information is: eric@tsdesigns.com or tom@tsdesigns.com.

Free CFLs from Duke Energy

Duke Energy is offering its customers 15 free compact florescent light bulbs. (Yes, you must be a Duke customer.) Call Duke Energy at 1-800-943-7585, press option 1, and follow the prompts. You will be asked to supply your account number or your SSN. Based on my wife's experience, the process takes less than a minute. I don't know how long the offer is in effect.

Local Energy in the Context of Community Design

On Saturday, November 13, Guilford Energy Resources will be offering the last presentation in its “Local Energy” series. The title: “Energy Efficiency in Urban Living and Working.” The presenter: Michiel VanderSommen.

Cities and their residents are looking for ways to cut energy costs while at the same time improving livability. Michiel will talk about ways to achieve this double objective. He will “connect the dots” across multiple sub-topics such as overall city layout, non-auto transportation orientations, mixed-use building, and self-sufficient sub-communities. The concept of “district energy” will be featured, showing how this approach to local energy makes sense (and cents) in a well-planned city. And because proper city planning involves the development of self-sufficient sub-communities, the very concept of community is emphasized and the development of a sense of community is promoted. Finally, it will become clear how all of this promotes job-creation, an important by-product for a struggling economy. In short, we can at the same time lower costs, save energy, improve livability, build a sense of community, and increase employment. Be aware that this requires a willingness to think differently about cities and their neighborhoods. But, as Albert Einstein once said; “We can’t solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used to create them”.

Michiel VanderSommen brings to his analysis a broad educational and practical background. He is a mechanical engineer, has studied architecture, was educated in Europe, and has lived and worked and studied in several modern cities. This broad background has prepared him for this long overdue presentation, one which promises to fill the gaps within and across many of the presentations we have offered in the past.

What: Energy Efficiency in Urban Living and Working
When: Saturday, November 13, 2010, 10:00 AM
Where: Kathleen Clay Edwards Family Branch Library, 1420 Price Park Rd., Greensboro
Cost: Free

Assault on Wind and Solar

In the prior post, I re-published an article I had presented 5 years ago, on research that had been carried out by Robert Hirsch and his associates. That research raised serious questions about the future availability of oil at the production rates necessary for the continuation of society as we know it. His report then attempted an analysis of the most promising mitigation strategies for avoiding the otherwise dire consequences. Hirsch and these same associates have very recently published a book entitled The Impending World Energy Mess. Some of the content of the book represents an update to the work done 5 years ago. Most of its content is, in one way or another, focused on the availability of liquid fuels going forward. Indeed, the book can be taken as both an introduction to, and summary of, the issue of "peak oil." But there is also a section on electrical energy and electricity generation options. This section is nothing short of an attack on the notion that wind- and solar-generated electricity can address our need for an economically viable substitute for conventional -- that is, fossil-fuel based, hydro, and nuclear -- electric power generation. The attack is so thoroughgoing that the pro-wind and pro-solar communities will, I think, be compelled to respond to this challenge. There are several on-line forums in which this discussion is likely to take place. One of them is the Energy Bulletin, and I am suggesting that those who have an interest in this topic might want to visit the site on a fairly regular basis. The site can be found at: http://www.energybulletin.net/.

The Hirsch Report -- Five Years Later

Below is a reprint of a post I made to another blog almost exactly 5 years ago. It is a summary of a presentation delivered by Robert Hirsch, at Duke University, in 2005. I am posting it again because Dr. Hirsch has just now published a book that lays out what has happened since and what he believes is now prudent. The book is titled "The Impending World Energy Mess." I will be commenting on this book in the near future.

Peak Oil: Our Gift to our Children
(originally posted on September 16, 2005)

It is with considerable reluctance that I publish this post. I risk being categorized as an “alarmist,” which often costs readership. But it would be negligent on my part not to post, so here goes.

I have been studying the “peak oil” controversy for approximately a year. As I progressed through the published work of authors whose credentials were beyond reproach, I became increasingly uneasy about our energy future. But until now, I continued to view peak oil as a controversy, not an inevitability. I have come to see that I can no longer “wait for things to play out.”

The tipping point for me was a presentation made at Duke University on Tuesday (9/13/05) by Dr. Robert Hirsch, a scientist who has served at very high levels in multiple energy fields—oil and gas, nuclear, renewables. There was no hesitation on Dr. Hirsch’s part regarding what we face. Unless we’re extremely lucky, and peak oil is 20 or more years down the pike, we are going to experience a crash. What Dr. Hirsch had discovered—in the course of completing a research contract for the Department of Energy—is that there are no feasible approaches to avoiding huge liquid fuel shortfalls unless a mitigation strategy is undertaken, as a crash program, at least 20 years prior to the oil production peak. And most reputable predictors are saying that the peak will come well before 20 years from now. And the fact is, we have NOT, to date, undertaken any of the mitigation strategies Hirsch discovered to be feasible, so we’re in all likelihood headed for huge trouble, worldwide. (Most of Hirsch’s audience consisted of college students; he remarked at the beginning of his lecture that his young audience was going to leave the presentation very unhappy. What an understatement.)

What Hirsch did is this. He carefully researched the technological options that could be brought on-line in the near future, limiting himself to those that could address the sheer magnitude of the problem of massive worldwide petroleum production shortfalls. The results of this “feasibility” study were, to put it charitably, sobering. Most of the feasible options fall within the domain of the energy companies themselves—primarily oil and gas companies—and little is available for the individual, society, or (non-dictatorial) governments to do. For example, the most feasible application of efficiency, at the level where it is likely to have any noticeable effect, is to automobiles and light trucks. The transition to diesels and hybrids—the best that Hirsch found we could do, given the time constraints—yields a per day savings of 2-3 million barrels (this is 15 years after initiating the conversion program), which is a mere 10% of what his total mitigation strategy can yield (25 million barrels per day, after 15 years). All of the other techniques have to do with enhancements to the production of existing oil or the production of oil substitutes. So if every one of us demanded of automakers that nothing but diesel and hybrid cars and light trucks be produced, and if the automakers responded via a crash program to produce only those, then we would still have made but a small contribution to the solution. And no other consumer-initiated approach was considered to be feasible (again, from the perspective of what it will take to truly meet the challenge). I should at least mention what the remaining feasible techniques are, in Hirsch’s view. The technique that can provide the most mitigation is the recovery and processing of "heavy oil" (heavy oil, oil sands, tar sands). The next most effective is the production of liquid fuels from coal. The third is enhanced oil recovery (the recovery of known quantities of oil that resist being produced by conventional methods). Fourth—and tied with vehicle efficiency for extent of contribution—is Gas-To-Liquid technology (for example, converting natural gas to a liquid fuel similar to gasoline). This is not the place to discuss these technologies in detail. Needless to say, the organizations most likely and most able to pursue these approaches are the existing energy companies. Please note that the overall mitigation strategy uses two general approaches: the reduction of demand through vehicle efficiency, and the increase in supply through additional oil recovery and the production of oil substitutes. And, to repeat, only one of these approaches is under anything close to direct citizen control—namely, expressed demand for diesels and hybrids.

Don’t get me wrong. This is no excuse for individuals to do nothing. But it does serve to indicate the limited extent to which we ordinary folks are in charge of our energy future. Later I will suggest one other direction that we in North Carolina can take to help mitigate the severity of what is likely to come. And of course we should be putting pressure on elected officials (and on the energy companies, to the extent that we can) to at least acknowledge the problem. With an open and vigorous public debate, other options might emerge and existing options might get implemented. But I must confess, I find it hard to be optimistic.

What’s new in Hirsch’s treatment, besides the feasibility analysis itself, is the attempt to plot the effects of a feasible mitigation strategy over time, under three scenarios. The first scenario assumes that we will conduct “business as usual” until the production peak occurs. At that point, we will initiate a crash program to implement the mitigation strategy described earlier. The second scenario assumes that, even though we cannot predict exactly when oil production will peak, we begin before the peak in fact occurs. The specific timing assumption for scenario two is 10 years in advance (again, we cannot plan to start ten years in advance; rather, we begin at some point and it just turns out that the peak occurred 10 years later). Scenario three assumes that we get started 20 years before the peak occurs.

Before looking at the results, it is important to understand some of the general assumptions that went into the scenarios. For all three, it is assumed that when the decision to implement is made, it truly is a crash program and massive resources are thrown at the implementation effort. Second, there is the assumption that “normal” petroleum demand increases will follow the historical trend: roughly 2% per year. Third, there is the critically important assumption that when the peak occurs, the downward slide will also be approximately 2% per year. This assumption reflects the actual numbers that are seen for the "US lower-48" oil production curve of the second half of the last century: when the peak occurred in the early ‘70s, the subsequent decline, when smoothed over time, averaged approximately 2% per year.

Now for the results. I will pretty much let the graphics do the talking. First, a bit of preparation. Hirsch represents the mitigation strategy results for each scenario with a wedge. The wedge-shape is used because he assumes that each component of the strategy will have to ramp up over time—the effort is so enormous that no piece of the strategy could be put into place all at once. Second, each mitigation wedge is really a combination of 5 smaller wedges, one for each of the techniques (efficiency, Heavy Oil, etc.). Third, each wedge represents a combination of decreased demand (efficiency) and increased supply (all of the others). Okay, what do we see?

The first graphic—a table—displays a sampling of peak oil predictions by well-known and/or well-respected estimators. This is important data, because it gives us a clue as to which scenario is likely to actually play out. The next graphic shows a sample mitigation wedge and its mini-wedge components. The next three graphs illustrate the results under the three scenarios.

Here's the table showing the predictions by various authorities of the oil production peak:

Half of the predictions yield dates that fall within the next 5 years; very few project the peak as being as much as 20 years out.

The following chart shows the relative contributions of each of the five feasible mitigation techniques:

Of the five feasible techniques, vehicle efficiency produces the smallest benefit (tied with Gas-To-Liquid).

The following charts illustrate three scenarios for peak oil mitigation. The first shows the supply shortfall if we wait until the peak occurs before we undertake a crash mitigation effort. The second shows the results of undertaking a crash program of mitigation 10 years prior to the peak. The third shows the results of undertaking a crash mitigation program 20 years prior to the peak. Only in the third case do we avoid the supply shortfall altogether.

Note the consequences: 20 years after the peak, even with mitigation efforts, a 30 million barrel-per-day shortfall is anticipated.

Mitigation has been undertaken 10 years before the peak occurs. The "delayed oil" arrow shows that the peak has effectively been delayed by roughly a decade. There is still a shortfall, but it occurs later and is smaller in size.

When mitigation is undertaken 20 years prior to the peak, there is no apparent shortfall.

This is chilling stuff. It gets worse. There are also alternative estimates of the rate of decline once the worldwide production peak is reached. These estimate range from 2% to 8%. Remember that Hirsch is assuming 2%. He admitted, in his presentation at Duke, that the estimate that worries him the most is the 8% number. Not only is it huge, but one of the estimators for that number is the company Schlumberger. Schlumberger is the leading oilfield services company in the world. This company supplies services everywhere, to all major producers. So this company knows as much (or more) about what is going on in the world of oil production as anyone does—and the company has been doing its thing for a very long time. Imagine what the three final graphics (above) would look like if the decline rate were 8%!

I asked Dr. Hirsch how you convince people to get started with mitigation efforts. He said that it takes probably three exposures to a presentation like his before anything concrete is even likely to be considered. The first time a person hears or sees this, the response is shock. The second exposure results in denial and "leaving the field" (as the psychologists like to say). The third exposure begins to penetrate in a more productive way, with people trying finally to get their heads around the enormity of it, trying to think concretely and realistically about what to do. Now imagine the likelihood that you will convince anyone you know to sit through a Hirsch presentation three times.

Local PV Training

For those interested in pursuing local training in PV technology, be aware that GTCC now offers a Certificate Program in Photovoltaic Systems Technology. The program is offered at the Greensboro campus, on East Wendover Avenue. For more information, contact Adrian Wright, at 336-334-4822, extension 4428.

Thanks to Bill Barker for bringing this to my attention.

Community Energy Pioneers

Guilford Energy Resources is offering the fifth in a series of presentations on local energy this coming Saturday, September 11, at 9:30 AM.

This program highlights local people who have played trailblazing roles in the inevitable evolution from unsustainable to sustainable sources of energy. These are people who didn't wait around for governments or non-profits or (finally) utilities to provide incentives. They simply went out and did it.

Our first presenter is Kirby Wilkins, a Reidsville musician and repairer of guitars who, many years ago, performed the analysis that even today seems to elude large portions of the general public – that ultimately we have to “go solar.” His presentation is titled “Ten Years Off the Grid,” and if you infer from this that Mr. Wilkins has produced all of his own electric power for a decade, your inference is absolutely correct. What he will show you – in a truly convincing way – is that energy sustainability, at the residential level, is practical and available to those with limited financial resources. And that's just the start: rainwater capture, composting, organic gardening, tankless water heating, wind power production, photovoltaic power production – the list goes on and on. And of course his guitar repair business is “off the grid” as well.

The second presentation will feature T.S. Designs, a T-Shirt manufacturer located in Burlington. Once again there is almost no way to describe what these people have done over the past decade or so. Water re-cycling, composting (for soil improvement, for space heating, for liquids heating), photovoltaics, wind power, biodiesel, organic gardening, sustainable manufacturing – you get the picture. Not surprisingly, T.S. Designs is the winner of “sustainable business” awards and is recognized throughout the region as one of the most forward-thinking operations on the planet.

True to the title of the program, the focus will be on energy. But you won't have any trouble getting these folks to talk about the other neat things they do. This promises to be nothing less than a blast!

What: Community Energy Pioneers
When: Saturday, September 11, 2010, 9:30 AM
Where: Kathleen Clay Edwards Family Branch Library, 1420 Price Park Rd., Greensboro
Cost: Free

Where does all that energy go?

Ever wonder where energy goes, in terms of personal housing and transportation? Here are some rough estimates. The first graph includes residential uses but not personal transportation. The second graph adds personal transportation, in terms of both automobile and air. Energy quantities are shown in millions of BTUs per household per year. If you prefer to think in terms of kilowatt hours, the conversion is: 1 kWh = 3414 BTU.

Graphs are courtesy of Stuart Staniford, as published in the Energy Bulletin, August 11, 2010.

Nuclear Splits?

The use of nuclear fission to generate electricity has always been problematic. For years, however, the most often-voiced concerns revolved around safety. But gradually, over time, the issue of economics has increasingly been raised. And now a true mind-blower: a recent study out of Duke University suggests that, in North Carolina, nuclear power is more costly than electricity produced via photovoltaics!!

There are actually two studies of importance here. The first, claiming the economic advantage of PV over nuclear, is entitled Solar and Nuclear Costs -- The Historic Crossover and can be found here. But the authors' arguments really build, almost entirely, on a prior study entitled The Economics of Nuclear Reactors: Renaissance or Relapse? That second -- but more fundamental -- study can be found here.

This is extremely important material, and it constitutes a potential game-changer.

Thanks to Walter Hill for bringing this to my attention!

The Big Switch?

Can we maintain a high-energy civilization simply by switching energy sources, from fossil fuels to renewables? These folks don't think so. It's worth a look.

http://www.theoildrum.com/pdf/theoildrum_6641.pdf

http://www.theoildrum.com/pdf/theoildrum_6704.pdf

http://www.theoildrum.com/pdf/theoildrum_6758.pdf

Ontario Small Generator Program

Ontario (Canada) has been offering an attractive program to encourage folks to enter the electric power generation business. What is attractive about it is the rate per kWh being paid to these small generators. If your proposed system is 10 kW or less, you can earn 80.2 cents/kWh. The program is so popular that Ontario has dropped the rate to 58.8 cents/kWh for ground-mounted systems. A brochure describing the program, called microFIT, can be found here.

The approach being used in Ontario is called a "feed-in tariff" and it has a significant advantage over the tax credit approach used in NC (and by the federal government). In North Carolina, if you have only a moderate income, you might never pay enough in state and federal taxes to ever benefit fully, or indeed at all, from the available tax credits. What this means is that the people who most need financial assistance in implementing a renewable energy project are penalized. The financially well-off get the financial benefits; the poor get nothing. With a feed-in tariff, you are paid for power output, regardless of your economic status. Ontario is not the only subscriber to the feed-in tariff approach. Germany, probably the most successful promoter of solar power, also uses the feed-in tariff approach.

In fairness, it must be admitted that a "mini-tariff" is available in NC. The NC GreenPower program does pay an elevated price -- that is, more than the utilities -- for power produced by renewable energy generators. But the price differential is nothing compared to that provided by Ontario or Germany, so folks implementing renewable energy projects here are forced to rely on tax credits in order to see anything like a reasonable payback period.

The tax credit approach is better than nothing. It remains far from optimal.

Community Sustainability Council Posts Draft of Sustainability Action Plan

The Community Sustainability Council (CSC) functions to advise the Greensboro City Council on matters relating to sustainability. The CSC has posted a draft of its proposed Sustainability Action Plan, and I urge you to read it and provide appropriate feedback. The CSC itself can be found here, and the draft of its proposal can be found here.

Sustainable Greensboro to Offer Program on Solar for Businesses

Power Your Business With The Sun

Businesses, nonprofits, and investors will learn about how solar applications can:
--Save on hot water and heating costs
--Be an investment
--Become more affordable with tax credits and proven financing

Panelists:
--Travis Simpson, CEO, Extend Energy
--Dan Gretsch, Solar Hot
--Tracy M. Valentine, CPA, MBA, Davenport, Marvin, Joyce & Co, LLP
--Iain MacSween
Moderator: Madeline Fazzalari, LEED AP, Progress Solar Solutions, LLC

Where:
Greensboro Chamber of Commerce
342 N. Elm Street
Greensboro, NC 27401

When:
June 3, 2010
8:30 am

Admission:
Free

Sponsored by:
--Sustainable Greensboro
--The Greensboro Partnership

For more information:
Stephanie Ashton
336-387-8316

To register for this free event, go to:
Greensboro Chamber of Commerce

Renewables -- A Long Way to Go

Sanity Check: How much energy are we really getting out of renewable sources? Note that the largest renewable contributors are biomass and hydro.

This chart is based on EIA data from 2001.

Biofuels Program presentations available

Presentations related to the May 4 biofuels program are now available on our website! Go to GER, then choose the Documents and Downloads option, then scroll down to Biofuels Program Materials.

This just in from Sustainable Greensboro....

Energy Efficiency in the Workplace, May 3.

Sustainable Greensboro and the Greensboro Partnership Present... Workshop: Reducing Your Company’s Energy Consumption Panelists: Dr. Harmohindar Singh, Professor Department of Civil, Architectural, Agricultural and Environmental Engineering and Director of the Center for Energy Research and Technology at NC A&T State Peter Rojeski, Jr., Ph.D., P.E., Professor of Architectural Engineering at NC A&T Wendy Cockerham, LEED AP and Director of Sustainable Construction for WeaverCooke Construction, LLC Tracy Valentine, CPA, for Davenport, Marvin, Joyce & Co., LLP When: May 3, 2010, 8:30 AM - 10:00 AM Where: Greensboro Chamber of Commerce, 342 North Elm Street, Greensboro, NC For more information and to register here or call 336.887.8316. (Note: if you attempt to register on-line and get a warning message, click on "Events.")

Interested in the Chevy Volt?

The Chevy Volt is an electric car with a "range extender" -- an on-board gasoline engine to charge the battery (if needed). Here's Plug In America testing a prototype: ZAP!

Rake leaves? No, Just pick up one

Nissan has a neat website. It's where the company describes its new electric car, the Leaf. Check it out -----> Nissan Leaf

Reminder! Two Upcoming Presentations

Tuesday, May 4, 4:00 PM

Our February 13 event was cancelled due to inclement weather. It has been rescheduled for Tuesday, May 4, so mark your calendars:

"Biofuels as a Business: The Prospect for Biofuels Production in the Piedmont." There will be three presenters. Dr. Ghasem Shahbazi, Director of Bioengineering at NC A&T State University, will discuss the types of biofuels that are practical from a real-world production perspective. Derek Blackburn, also at A&T, will then present an overview of the biorefineries currently operating in North Carolina. This will be followed by a talk by Gary Sink, President of Red Birch Energy. Red Birch operates a commercial-scale biodiesel refinery in Bassett, VA. The business model employed by Red Birch is impressive, so impressive in fact that the company has been invited twice to Washington to present its model. Among other things, Red Birch intends to offer a franchising option, for people who want to get into the biodiesel production business but who wish to take advantage of the expertise and experience already amassed by Red Birch personnel.

What: Biofuels as a Business: Prospects for Biofuels Production in the Piedmont
When: Tuesday, May 4, 2010; 4:00 - 6:30 PM
Where: Kathleen Clay Edwards Library auditorium, 1420 Price Park Rd., Greensboro, NC

Saturday, May 8, 10:00 AM

"The Net-Zero Energy Residence." Presenter: Michiel VanderSommen. From a housing perspective, the net-zero energy residence represents the ultimate in energy localization: local energy sources, local energy production (and conservation), local energy consumption. By definition, a net-zero energy residence produces at least as much energy as it consumes. The concept can be extended to provide energy support for personal transportation, by expanding the energy production capabilities of the residence (or residential community) to provide battery-charging for personal vehicles. Michiel will examine various techniques for meeting the net-zero energy objective, including passive solar design, the use of orientation, construction, and landscaping techniques for maximizing energy efficiency, and the application of energy production technologies that are appropriate for residences and residential communities.

What: The Net-Zero Energy Residence
When: Saturday, May 8, 2010; 10 AM - 12 Noon
Where: Kathleen Clay Edwards Library auditorium, 1420 Price Park Rd., Greensboro, NC

The Future of Biofuels?

Two promising feedstocks for biofuels production are cellulosic material and algae. To download a white paper that discusses the prospects of employing these feedstocks, entitled "Transitioning from 1st Generation to Avanced Biofuels," visit: http://www.myeflorida.com/mk/get/CE_BIOFUELS_WP